%
% Copyright (C) 2008-2001 Azzeddine LAZREK. All rights reserved.
%
% This program may be distributed and/or modified under the conditions
% of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.2 of this license
% or any later version.
%
% The latest version of this license is in
% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt and version 1.2 or later is
% part of all distributions of LaTeX version 1999/12/01 or later.
%
% This program consists of all files listed in the file readmera.tex.
%
% readmera.tex
% This file belongs to the RyDArab package.
%


\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}


\usepackage[cp1256]{inputenc}
\usepackage[LAE,LFE,OT1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[farsi,arabic,french,english]{babel}
\usepackage{poetry}
\Novocalize


%\usepackage{arabtex}
%\setarab \novocalize
%\usepackage{transtec}
%\setcode{transtec}


\usepackage[]{rydarab}
\funwithdots
%\funwithoutdots


\usepackage[parenthesis,kashidasymbol]{curext}


\input{amlogo.tex}


\title{\RyDArab{}\\
Typesetting Arabic mathematical expressions}

\author{Azzeddine L\textsc{azrek} \\
University Cadi Ayyad,
Faculty of Sciences, \\
Department of Computer Science, \\
PO Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco \\
Phone: +212 24 43 46 49 \hspace{1cm} Fax: +212 24 43 74 07 \\
\texttt{lazrek@ucam.ac.ma}\\
\texttt{http://www.ucam.ac.ma/fssm/rydarab}}

%\day{}


\begin{document}

\maketitle


\section{Introduction}


The \RyDArab{} system deals with the problem of typesetting
mathematical documents in a \textsl{fully Arabic presentation}.
This means that not only the text in natural language is Arabic
but equations are also composed with special symbols spreading out
from right to left according to the natural direction of the
Arabic writing. Actually, the system \RyDArab{} extends the
capabilities of the system \TeX{} and its extensions
%Arab\TeX{} or $\Omega$
to allow typesetting such documents.

The \RyDArab{} system is an extension of the system of treatment
of document \TeX{}. It is based on \TeX{} or \LaTeX{} and an
Arabic extensions such as Arab\TeX{}, $\Omega$ or \texttt{Arabi}.
It must be integrated in a \TeX{} system with the Arab\TeX{}
extension or $\Omega$ system or \texttt{Arabi}. It uses and modify
fonts families \texttt{Computer Modern} and the font \RamzArab{}
% and the fonts \texttt{xnsh} and \texttt{omsea}
by commands of \TeX{} and \texttt{METAFONT}. The \RamzArab{}
package must be called first.

The \RyDArab{} system, offer to the user several literal symbol
choices, of shape of numbers, of the expandable symbols, \ldots{}.
It wants to be himself most general possible to be used in the
different situations and domains of the Arabic scientific document
and in the different Arabic regions.

The main qualities of the \RyDArab{} system are:
\begin{itemize}
\item compatibility:
\begin{itemize}
\item the Arabic and Romance expression cohabit at the same time
in a document; \item the different versions of \RyDArab{} are
compatible between them; \item the \RyDArab{} system is compatible
with the other extensions of \TeX{}; \item the syntax of commands
of \RyDArab{} is structurally analogous to the one of commands of
\TeX{}.
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item the universality:
\begin{itemize}
\item it can be used with any distribution of \TeX{} system;
\item it can be used under the formats \texttt{plain} \TeX{} or \LaTeX{}. The
extension for \LaTeX{} requires the standard \LaTeXe{};
\item it can be used under the Windows or Linux platform;
\item it can be adapted easily to the other mathematical fonts;
\item it can be adapted easily to needs according to regions, levels,
\ldots{}.
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item the simplicity: it is easily usable but from an ASCII transliteration for
texts and expressions.
\end{itemize}

The main hiatuses of the \RyDArab{} system are:
\begin{itemize}
\item the dependence: it needs the \TeX{} environment;
\item the heterogeneity of the symbolic system resulting the import of
symbols of various families of characters: the sizes, the level of
greasiness, the position of the sign in relation to the line of
basis, etc.
\end{itemize}

The \RyDArab{} system is not:
\begin{itemize}
\item an autonomous system, it requires to be scratched in a \TeX{} system;
\item a system of composition of the Arabic text, it permits to compose the
Arabic mathematical expressions;
\item a system owner.
\end{itemize}\medskip

\TeX{} is a system of document treatment developed initially by
D.~E.~Knuth of the Stanford university. It is conceived for the
exchange and the transmission of text, a real, language of
communication, and the formatting, an excellent capacity of
composition, of document. It contains families of fonts
\texttt{Computer Modern} developed in \texttt{METAFONT}. \TeX{} is
a set down mark of American Mathematical Society.
\texttt{METAFONT} is a set down mark of Addison-Wesley Inc. The
format \texttt{plain} \TeX{} has been developed by D.~E.~Knuth.

Arab\TeX{} is an extension of \TeX{} conceived by K.~Lagally of
the Stuttgart university. It permits to generate the Arabic
writing, from an ASCII transliteration, of text of different,
languages using the Arabic alphabet. It permits to encrust a text
in Arabic in a Romance text, and vice versa. It also permits to
introduce a Romance mathematical expression in an Arabic text.
Arab\TeX{} contains the \texttt{xnsh} font developed in
\texttt{METAFONT}. Arab\TeX{} is protected by copyright and set
down under the LPPL (\emph{\LaTeX{} Project Public License}) of
\LaTeX3{} Project.

$\Omega$ is an extension of \TeX{} developed by J.~Plaice and
Y.~Haralambous. It allows generating multilingual texts using the
Unicode coding system.

\texttt{Arabi} is an Arabic and Farsi scripts package developed by
Youssef Jabri, Oujda University. \texttt{Arabi} contains the
\texttt{Al-Mohanad} font.

The \LaTeX{} format has been developed initially by L.~Lamport.
\LaTeX{} is protected by a free license that is LPPL
(\emph{\LaTeX{} Project Public License}) of \LaTeX3{} Project.


\textbf {Notation}: In the following, we will use \TeX{} to mean
the motor \TeX{}, when the description is independent of a
particular format, that it is \texttt{plain} \TeX{} or \LaTeX{}.


\section{Package}

\subsection{Files}

The package \RyDArab{} is distributed as:
\begin{description}
\item \texttt{rydarab.zip}: file compressed in \texttt{ZIP} format
for Windows or Linux platform.
%\\ \item \texttt{rydarab.tar.Z} file compressed tar format for Unix platform.
\end{description}\medskip

The decompression package gives the following directory tree:
\begin{description}
\item \texttt{doc}: the subdirectory of files for documentation
composed of:
\begin{description}
\item \texttt{readmera.tex}: this file in \texttt{TEX} format for
a preliminary description. \item \texttt{readmera.pdf}: this file
in \texttt{PDF} format for a preliminary description. \item
\texttt{lppl.txt}: license information of the \LaTeX{} Project
Public License. \item \texttt{amexam.tex}: some examples for
\texttt{plain} \TeX{} and \LaTeX{}. \item \texttt{amexampl.tex}:
\texttt{amexam.tex} and some examples for \texttt{plain} \TeX{}.
\item \texttt{amexampl.pdf}: some examples for \texttt{plain}
\TeX{} in \texttt{PDF} format. \item \texttt{amexamla.tex}:
\texttt{amexam.tex} and some examples in \LaTeX{}. \item
\texttt{amexamla.pdf}: some examples for \LaTeX{} in \texttt{PDF}
format. \item \texttt{amstrupl.tex}: the preamble for a
\texttt{plain} \TeX{} document. \item \texttt{amstrula.tex}: the
preamble for a \LaTeX{} document. \item
\texttt{tabsourceramz.tex}: tables of \RamzArab{} symbols.
\end{description}\medskip
\item \texttt{fonts/source} subdirectory:
\begin{description}
\item \texttt{aminvglyph.mf}: the command for inverting glyph of a \texttt{Metafont} font.
\item \texttt{amcmr10.mf}: base file for the font family \texttt{amcmr}.
It includes \texttt{aminvglyph.mf} and \texttt{cmr10.mf} files.
\item \texttt{amcmsy10.mf}: base file for the font family \texttt{amcmsy}.
It includes \texttt{aminvglyph.mf} and \texttt{cmsy10.mf} files.
\item \texttt{amcmex10.mf}:
base file for the font family \texttt{amcmex}. It includes
\texttt{aminvglyph.mf} and \texttt{cmex10.mf} files.
\end{description}\medskip
%\item \texttt{tfm} subdirectory:
%\begin{description}
%\end{description}\medskip
%\begin{description}
\item \texttt{tex/plain} subdirectory for \texttt{plain} \TeX{}
content the files:
\begin{description}
\item \texttt{rydarab.tex}: calls all files for \TeX{}. \item
\texttt{amfontpl.tex}: definition of \texttt{amcmsy},
\texttt{amcmex} and
%\texttt{amxnsh}
\RamzArab{} fonts families
and definition of symbols codes. \item \texttt{updatepl.tex}:
updates and novelties of the last minute, relative to
\texttt{plain} \TeX{}, that are not integrated of an adequate way
in the system.
\end{description}\medskip
\item \texttt{tex/latex} subdirectory for \LaTeX{} content the
files:
\begin{description}
\item \texttt{rydarab.sty}: calls all files for \LaTeX{} with
\texttt{NFSS}.
\item \texttt{amcommand.tex}: the definition of all
commands.
\item \texttt{amrename.tex}: rename for all commands.
%\item \texttt{amlogo.tex}: some logo's definition and \texttt{amcmr} font's definition.
\item \texttt{amfontla.tex}: definition of \texttt{amcmsy},
\texttt{amcmex} and
%\texttt{amxnsh}
\texttt{amramzrab} fonts families and definition of symbols codes.
\item \texttt{omsamcmsy.df}: definition of \texttt{amcmsy} fonts
family. \item \texttt{omxamcmex.df}: definition of \texttt{amcmex}
fonts family. \item \texttt{uamramzarab.df}: definition of
\RamzArab{} fonts family. \item \texttt{amramzarab.tex}: symbols
definition of \RamzArab{} fonts family.
%\item \texttt{uamxnsh.df}:
%definition of \texttt{amxnsh} fonts family.
%\item \texttt{amxnsh.tex}: symbols definition of \texttt{amxnsh}
%fonts family.
\item \texttt{amomsea.tex}: symbols definition of \texttt{amomsea}
fonts family. \item \texttt{uamomsea.fd}: definition of
\texttt{amomsea} fonts family. \item \texttt{updatela.tex}:
updates and novelties of the last minute, relative to
 \LaTeX{}, that are not integrated of an adequate way in the
system. \item \texttt{transtec.sty}: the transliteration
\TransTec{} as is adapted for Arab\TeX{}. \item
\texttt{transtec.otp}: the transliteration \TransTec{} as is
adapted for $\Omega$.
 \item \texttt{amarabiwords.tex}: commands with link words in \texttt{Arabi}.
 \item \texttt{amarabtexwords.tex}: commands with link words in Arab\TeX{}.
\end{description}\medskip
\end{description}\medskip

\textbf{Notation}: The files, as commands, defined in that system,
are prefixed with \texttt{am} (for Arabic Mathematical). They will
so be distinguished from basics files, as commands, for \TeX{} or
for others packages. The \texttt{plain} \TeX{} files will be
post-fixed with \texttt{pl} and \LaTeX{} files will be post-fixed
with \texttt{la}.


\subsection{Installation}

The directory tree for a \TeX{} or a \LaTeX{} implementation is
described in the \texttt{TDS} (\TeX{} Directory Structure).

To install this package, one should add it to the directory tree
or create a new directory tree or put it into a folder intended to
be the usual one.


\section{Versions}

\subsection{Historic}

\begin{itemize}
\item 2001/03/18 v1.0: used to compose \cite{gut} with \LaTeXe{}.
\item 2001/05/18 v1.1: used to compose \cite{dante}.
It includes improvements carried by B.~Raichle of the Stuttgart
university to assure compatibility with the other articles of Die
\TeX{}nische Kom\"odie.
\item 2001/09/09 v1.2: the version including:
\begin{itemize}
\item the change of the name of the extension of \texttt{arabmath} to
\texttt{rydarab};
\item a new transliteration:
\begin{itemize}
 \item the change of t, g, G, c and C by T, E, e, C and c respectively;
 \item the change of \verb|\amg| by \verb|\ame|.
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item the new definitions, syntactics and semantics for commands,
\verb|\amlsum|, \verb|\amlprod|, \verb|\amlim|, \verb|\amsint|,
\verb|\amsqrt| and \verb|\amroot| including improvements carried
by M.~Banouni of the university Ibn Zohr;
\item the new symbols generated by the commands \verb|\amgsum| and \verb|\amgprod|;
\item the numbering of equations and systems of equations;
\item for \LaTeX{}:
\begin{itemize}
\item the utilization of options for the extension;
\item the new definitions for \verb|\amxnsh|;
\item the utilization of the command \verb|\array|;
\item the numbering of equations.
\end{itemize}\medskip
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item 2002/03/01 v1.3: the version used to compose the manuscript of the thesis \cite{these}.
It includes:
\begin{itemize}
\item the optimization of variables interns; \item the correction
of the mistake in the operator \emph{product}: \araby{jZ} instead
of \araby{jd}; \item a new transliteration:
\begin{itemize}
\item the change of s, S, e, E, c and C by c, C, E, e, S and s respectively;
\item the change of \verb|\amc| and \verb|\ams| by \verb|\ams| and \verb|\amc|
respectively.
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item the integration of the \CurExt{} application, what permits:
\begin{itemize}
\item the utilization of the Arabic font \NasX{} developed for the
Arabic literal symbols; \item the new dynamic font utilization
developed for the curvilinear delimiters and the kashida of
certain expandable conventional symbols;
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item the addition of a space between abbreviations of usual function names;
\item the possibility to use the same names of commands that for the
Romance mathematics.
\item the utilization of a new file, \texttt{updatepl.tex} for
\texttt{plain} \TeX{} and \texttt{updatela.tex} for \LaTeX{},
containing updates and novelties of the last minute that is not
integrated of an adequate way in the system.
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item 2003/03/03 v1.4: includes:
\begin{itemize}
\item To ensure itself of the call of the Arab\TeX{} package or $\Omega$
system. At the time of
 its absence, the system is blocked;
\item The machine translation (between Arabic, English and French)
of the link-words in the mathematical expressions. The extension
of the list of the link-words in the mathematical expressions
which are in the file \texttt{amcomman.tex}. The translation of a
link-word which does not appear in the list is marked by
\araby{mCklQ}, PROBLEM or PROBL\`EME following the target
language. \item a new transliteration:
\begin{itemize}
\item the change of r by z;
\item the change of \verb|\amr| by \verb|\amz|.
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item the use of the same transliteration used in mathematical
expression \TransTec{} in text via the \TransTec{} package
developed by K.~Lagally of the Stuttgart university, after our
asking; \item the change of the name of the option
\texttt{amarabmath} to \texttt{arabmath} and \texttt{amlatinmath}
to \texttt{latinmath}; \item the change of the name of the command
\verb|\amlating|, \verb|\amwarabnum|, \verb|\amoldstylenum|,
\verb|\amearabnum| to \verb|\lating|, \verb|\warabnum|,
\verb|\oldstylenum|, \verb|\earabnum| respectively; \item
transparency of the utilization of the command \verb|\amrl| of
inversion of the writing of expressions; \item the generalization
of the possibility to use the same names of commands that for the
Romance mathematics;
%with the control / the option: \verb|\amcompatibility |;
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item 2003/05/07 v1.5: developed with M.~Eddahibi of the Cadi
Ayyad University and tested only for Lambda in Linux. It includes:
\begin{itemize}
\item the possibility to use the application with the $\Omega$
system as with Arab\TeX{};
\item introduction of the new command \verb|\araby{...}|
 and the new environnment \verb|\begin{arabyenv} ... \end{arabyenv}| for an
Arabic text; \item adaptation of the font \texttt{omsea}; \item
modification of the definition of \verb|cases|, \verb|\surd|;
\item simplification of the name of \verb|\amlatinletter|,
\verb|\amlatinpunct| and \verb|\amarabpunct| by
\verb|\latinletter|, \verb|\latinpunct| and \verb|\arabpunct|
respectively; \item introduction of the new commands
\verb|wpertenthousand|, \verb|epertenthousand|, \verb|\artofr|,
\verb|\artoen|, \verb|\artoar|; \item introduction of the new
options \verb|alpwithoutdots|,\verb|alpwithdots|,
\verb|funwithdots| and \verb|funwithoutdots|; \item elimination of
the option \verb|oldstylenum| but it stays as a command; \item
improvement of the symbol glyphs of {\arabmath$
{\gsum_{\quad}^{}}$} and {\arabmath$ {\gprod_{\quad}^{}}$}.
\end{itemize}\medskip
\item 2008/01/08 v1.6: adapted for the \texttt{Arabi} system. The
call of the \TransTec{} transliteration must be located in a
environment. This version don't runs with $\Omega$. \item
2008/03/08 v1.7:
\begin{itemize}
    \item adapted for the \RamzArab{} Arabic mathematical font;
    \item break dependence with Arab\TeX{};
    \item the correction
of the mistake in the operator \emph{product}: \araby{jd} instead
of \araby{jZ};
 \item some changes in transliteration;
\end{itemize}     .
\item the future version will include:
\begin{itemize}
 \item variable size of the \RamzArab{} font;
 \item improvement of the options;
 \item etc.
\end{itemize}\medskip
\end{itemize}\medskip


\subsection{Compatibility}

There is not a compatibility between the first versions (1.0, 1.1
and 1.2) of the \RyDArab{} extension. There is a compatibility of
versions of \RyDArab{} from the version 1.2.

The \RyDArab{} extension is compatible with all extensions that we
had the opportunity to use jointly. It can happen that
incompatibilities are generated at the time of the utilization of
\RyDArab{} together with other extensions.

If the \texttt{graphicx} extension is used, then It must be called
in first before \RyDArab{}.


\section{Preamble}

To generate some Arabic mathematical expressions with
\texttt{plain} \TeX{} or \LaTeX{}, the user must insert, in the
preamble of his/her document, the following commands: \\
\verb|\input rydarab| when \texttt{plain} \TeX{} is used or \\
\verb|\usepackage[|\textit{options}\verb|]{rydarab}| when \LaTeX{}
that is in utilization. The list of the options \textit{options},
separated by gamma \verb| , | are described in the following
section.

\RamzArab{} extension must be called previously. Evidently, the
Arab\TeX{} extension or $\Omega$ system or \textbf{Arabi} must be
called previously also.


\section{Options}

The following options are offered:
\begin{description}
\item[arabmath] to begin an environment where is to generate the Arabic
mathematical expressions (ex. {\arabmath$ {\sqrt{j}}$}). It is by
default the option.
\item[latinmath] to begin an environment where is to generate the Romance
mathematical expressions (ex. $\sqrt{\jmath}$).
\item[warabnum] to generate the Arabian numbers of the Maghreb Arab: \\
($\{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 \}$). it is by default the option.
\item[oldstylenum] to generate the Arabian numbers of the Maghreb
Arab, old style,: \\
($\oldstylenum{\{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 \}}$).
\item[earabnum] to generate the Arabian numbers of the Machrek Arab: \\
(${\earabnum{\{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 \}}}$).
\item[alpwithoutdots] for using the alphabetic symbols
 without dots. This is the default.
\item[alpwithdots] for using the alphabetic symbols with dots.
\item[funwithdots] for using the abbreviation representing
elementary functions with dots. This is the default.
\item[funwithoutdots] for using the abbreviation representing
elementary functions without dots.
\end{description}

These options can be specified in the preamble of the document
when they are called has be applicable to all the document or then
in the beginning of an expression, in mathematical fashion, the
effect of the option ends in end of termination of this
expression.

These options can be specified under shape of command, that is:
 {\centering\verb|\|\textit{option}} \\ or again under
shape of option of the \verb|rydarab| extension in \LaTeX{}, that
is:\\
{\centering\verb|\usepackage[|\textit{option}\verb|]{rydarab}|}


\section{Commands}

The machine translation (between Arabic, English and French) of
the link-words in the mathematical expressions:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb|\artoar|: for an Arabic link-words;
\item \verb|\artoen|: for a link-words translation from Arabic to English;
\item \verb|\artofr|: for a link-words translation from Arabic to French.
\end{itemize}

The RyDArab system can translate mathematical expressions and
link-words from Arabic to French or English and conversely. The
user can get different results from the following mathematical
expression \verb|\expression| depending on the environment, easily
specified:

\begin{verbatim}
$$d(c) = {\cases{
 {{\ssum\limits_{b={1}}^{s}} c{{}^b}} &
 {{\amhbox{إذا كان}} {\ } c < 0} \cr
 {{\sint\limits_{1}^{s}} c{{}^b} D c} &
 {{\amhbox{إذا كان}} {\ } c > 0} \cr
 {{\sin} \pi} & {{\amhbox{غير ذلك}}} \cr
 }}$$
\end{verbatim}

\def\expression{
$$d(c) = {\cases{
 {{\ssum\limits_{b={1}}^{s}} c{{}^b}} &
 {{\amhbox{إذا كان}} {\ } c < 0} \cr
 {{\sint\limits_{1}^{s}} c{{}^b} D c} &
 {{\amhbox{إذا كان}} {\ } c > 0} \cr
 {{\sin} \pi} & {{\amhbox{غير ذلك}}} \cr
 }}$$
 }

Case 1: \verb|\arabmath \artoar \expression|
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{arabyenv}
%\setcode{transtec}
adrs altAbEQ altAlyQ : \\
\end{arabyenv}
{\arabmath \artoar \expression}
 \caption{Arabic presentation}
\end{figure}

Case 2: \verb|\latinmath \artoar \expression|
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{arabyenv}
{\setcode{arabtex} \fullvocalize Audrus alddAllT alttAliyyT :}
\setcode{transtec} \novocalize\\
\end{arabyenv}
{\latinmath \artoar \expression}
 \caption{Mixed presentation}
\end{figure}

\newpage

Case 3: \verb|\latinmath \artofr \expression|
\begin{figure}[h]
\'Etudier la fonction suivante : {\latinmath \artofr \expression}
 \caption{French presentation}
\end{figure}

Case 4: \verb|\latinmath \artoen \expression|
\begin{figure}[h!]
Study the following function: {\latinmath \artoen \expression}
 \caption{English presentation}
\end{figure}


The system \RyDArab{} provides various Arabic characters without
dots nor vowels nor diacritic with three shapes of Arabic
characters (initial, isolated and with a tail) in bold or contour
forms.

There are Arabic literal symbols via the transliteration
\TransTec{} from an adaptation of the font \RamzArab{}
%\texttt{xnsh} of Arab\TeX{}
(Cf. Table~\ref{tabtrans}).

There are Arabic literal symbols from the font \RamzArab{}.
 (Cf.
Table~\ref{alphabeticdirecttrans}) (Cf.
Table~\ref{alphabetictrans}) (Cf. Table~\ref{alphabeticdirect})
(Cf. Table~\ref{alphabetic}) (Cf. Table~\ref{dotalphabetic}) (Cf.
Table~\ref{singalphabetic})(Cf. Table~\ref{autre})
%(Cf. Figure 1~\ref{itabramzarab})

%There are Arabic literal symbols from the font \NasX{} (Cf.
%Table~\ref{tabnasx}).

The names used for Arabic alphabetic letters are those adopted by
Unicode Standard.

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\isolated{b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{$\isolated{b}$}

$ $

\noindent or

$ $

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
\arabmath $b$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath $b$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\isolated{b}} , {\initial{b}} , {\tailed{b}} ,
 {\stretched{b}} , {\looped{b}} ,
 {\doublestruck{b}} , {\initialdoublestruck{b}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath $
 {\isolated{b}} , {\initial{b}} , {\tailed{b}} ,
 {\stretched{b}} , {\looped{b}} ,
 {\doublestruck{b}} , {\initialdoublestruck{b}}
$}

$ $

\noindent or

$ $

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\beh , {\initial{\beh}} , {\tailed{\beh}} ,
 {\stretched{\beh}} , {\looped{\beh}} ,
 {\doublestruck{\beh}} , {\initialdoublestruck{\beh}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath $
 \beh , {\initial{\beh}} , {\tailed{\beh}} ,
 {\stretched{\beh}} , {\looped{\beh}} ,
 {\doublestruck{\beh}} , {\initialdoublestruck{\beh}}
$}

$ $

\noindent or

$ $

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\beh , \Beh , \behh , \beha ,
 \BEH , \bbeh , \BBeh$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath $
 \beh , \Beh , \behh , \beha ,
 \BEH , \bbeh , \BBeh
$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\isolated{abjd}} , {\initial{owzh}} , {\tailed{Tykl}} ,
 {\stretched{mnWe}} , {\looped{fsqr}} ,
 {\doublestruck{ctFx}} , {\initialdoublestruck{pPvg}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

\hfill\fbox{\arabmath $
 {\isolated{abjd}} , {\initial{owzh}} , {\tailed{Tykl}} ,
 {\stretched{mnWe}} , {\looped{fsqr}} ,
 {\doublestruck{ctFx}} , {\initialdoublestruck{pPvg}}
$}


\begin{table}[!ht]
\begin{center} \scriptsize
\begin{tabular}{|c|c||c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \textbf{Letter} & \textbf{Name} & \textbf{Text} &
\multicolumn{4}{c|}{\textbf{Mathematical expression}} \cr
%\hline \textbf{Lettre} & \textbf{Nom} & \textbf{Texte} &
%\multicolumn{6}{c|}{\textbf{Expression math\'{e}matique}} \cr
\hline\hline \araby{a} & alef & a & {\arabmath $a$} & a &
{\arabmath $A$} & A \cr \hline \araby{b} & beh & b & {\arabmath
$b$} & b & {\arabmath $B$} & B \cr \hline \araby{j} & jeem & j &
{\arabmath $j$} & j & {\arabmath $J$} & J \cr \hline \araby{d} &
dal & d & {\arabmath $d$} & d & {\arabmath $D$} & D \cr \hline
\araby{h} & heh & h & {\arabmath $o$} & o & {\arabmath $O$} & O
\cr \hline \araby{w} & waw & w & {\arabmath $w$} & w & & \cr
\hline \araby{z} & zain & z & {\arabmath $z$} & z & {\arabmath
$Z$} & Z \cr \hline \araby{H} & hah & H & {\arabmath $h$} & h &
{\arabmath $H$} & H \cr \hline \araby{T} & tah & T & {\arabmath
$T$} & T & & \cr \hline \araby{y} & yeh & y & {\arabmath $y$} & y
& {\arabmath $Y$} & Y \cr \hline \araby{k} & kaf & k & {\arabmath
$k$} & k & {\arabmath $K$} & K \cr \hline \araby{l} & lam & l &
{\arabmath $l$} & l & {\arabmath $L$} & L \cr \hline \araby{m} &
meem & m & {\arabmath $m$} & m & {\arabmath $M$} & M \cr \hline
\araby{n} & noon & n & {\arabmath $n$} & n & {\arabmath $N$} & N
\cr \hline \araby{s} & seen & s & {\arabmath $W$} & W & & \cr
\hline \araby{E} & ain & E & {\arabmath $e$} & e & {\arabmath $E$}
& E \cr \hline \araby{f} & feh & f & {\arabmath $f$} & f & & \cr
\hline \araby{S} & sad & S & {\arabmath $s$} & s & {\arabmath $S$}
& S \cr \hline \araby{q} & qaf & q & {\arabmath $q$} & q &
{\arabmath $Q$} & Q \cr \hline \araby{r} & reh & r & {\arabmath
$r$} & r & {\arabmath $R$} & R \cr \hline \araby{C} & sheen & C &
{\arabmath $c$} & c & {\arabmath $C$} & C \cr \hline \araby{t} &
teh & t & {\arabmath $t$} & t & & \cr \hline \araby{F} & theh & F
& {\arabmath $F$} & F & & \cr \hline \araby{X} & khah & X &
{\arabmath $x$} & x & {\arabmath $X$} & X \cr \hline \araby{Z} &
thal & Z & {\arabmath $p$} & p & & \cr \hline \araby{D} & dad & D
& {\arabmath $P$} & P & & \cr \hline \araby{V} & zah & V &
{\arabmath $v$} & v & {\arabmath $V$} & V \cr \hline \araby{G} &
ghain & G & {\arabmath $g$} & g & {\arabmath $G$} & G \cr \hline
\hline \araby{Y} & alef maksura & Y & {\arabmath $i$} & i &
{\arabmath $I$} & I \cr \hline \araby{-M} & hamza on line & A- or
-M & {\arabmath $u$} & u & & \cr \hline \araby{la} & lamalef & la
& {\arabmath $U$} & U & & \cr \hline \hline \araby{K} & kashida &
K \emph{or} - & & & & \cr \hline \araby{Q} & teh marbuta & Q & & &
& \cr \hline \araby{ee} & fatha & e & & & & \cr \hline \araby{uu}
& damma & u & & & & \cr \hline \araby{ii} & kasra & i & & & & \cr
\hline \araby{eN} & fathatan & eN \emph{or} ee & & && \cr \hline
\araby{uN} & dammatan & uN \emph{or} uu & & && \cr \hline
\araby{iN} & kasratan & iN \emph{or} ii & & & & \cr \hline
\araby{W} & shadda & W & & && \cr \hline \araby{oa} & sukun & o &
& & & \cr \hline \araby{Ma} & hamza on alef & Aa & & & & \cr
\hline \araby{Mi} & hamza under alef & AY & & & & \cr \hline
$\amhamzaonwaw$ & hamza on waw & Aw & & & & \cr \hline
$\amhamzaonyeh$ & hamza on yeh & Ay & & & & \cr \hline \araby{Ma}
& madda on alef & Ma & & & & \cr \hline \araby{L} & wasla on alef
& L & & & & \cr \hline
\end{tabular}
{\caption{\TransTec{} transliteration}\label{tabtrans}}
\end{center}
\end{table}



\begin{table}[!ht]
%\hspace{-17mm}
\begin{center}
\tiny{
\begin{tabular}{||c||c|c|c|c|c|c|c||}
\hline\hline \multicolumn{2}{||c|}{\vphantom{\Large(}ISOLATED} &
{\verb|\initial|} & {\verb|\tailed|} & {\verb|\stretched|} &
{\verb|\looped|} &
{\verb|\doublestruck|} & {\verb|\initialdoublestruck|}\\
\hline \hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|a| & \arabmath $a$ & $ $ &
$ $ & $ $ & $\looped{a}$ & $\doublestruck{a}$ & $ $ \cr\hline
\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|b| & \arabmath $b$ & $\initial{b}$ &
$\tailed{b}$ & $\stretched{b}$ & $\looped{b}$ & $\doublestruck{b}$
& $\initialdoublestruck{b}$ \cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|j|
& \arabmath $j$ & $\initial{j}$ & $\tailed{j}$ & $\stretched{j}$ &
$\looped{j}$ & $\doublestruck{j}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{j}$
\cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|d| & \arabmath $d$ & $ $ & $ $
& $ $ & $\looped{d}$ & $\doublestruck{d}$ & $ $ \cr\hline
\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|o| & \arabmath $o$ & $\initial{o}$ &
$\tailed{o}$ & $\stretched{o}$ & $\looped{o}$ & $\doublestruck{o}$
& $\initialdoublestruck{o}$ \cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|w|
& \arabmath $w$ & $ $ & $ $ & $ $ & $\looped{w}$ &
$\doublestruck{w}$ & $ $ \cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|z| &
\arabmath $z$ & $ $ & $ $ & $ $ & $\looped{z}$ &
$\doublestruck{z}$ & $ $ \cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|h| &
\arabmath $h$ & $\initial{h}$ & $\tailed{h}$ & $\stretched{h}$ &
$\looped{h}$ & $\doublestruck{h}$ &
$\initialdoublestruck{h}$\cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|T| &
\arabmath $T$ & $\initial{T}$ & $\tailed{T}$ & $\stretched{T}$ &
$\looped{T}$ & $\doublestruck{T}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{T}$
\cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|y| & \arabmath $y$ &
$\initial{y}$ & $\tailed{y}$ & $\stretched{y}$ & $\looped{y}$ &
$\doublestruck{y}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{y}$ \cr\hline
\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|k| & \arabmath $k$ & $\initial{k}$ &
$\tailed{k}$ & $\stretched{k}$ & $\looped{k}$ & $\doublestruck{k}$
& $\initialdoublestruck{k}$ \cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|l|
& \arabmath $l$ & $\initial{l}$ & $\tailed{l}$ & $ $ &
$\looped{l}$ & $\doublestruck{l}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{l}$
\cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|m| & \arabmath $m$ &
$\initial{m}$ & $\tailed{m}$ & $\stretched{m}$ & $\looped{m}$ &
$\doublestruck{m}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{m}$ \cr\hline
\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|n| & \arabmath $n$ & $\initial{n}$ &
$\tailed{n}$ & $\stretched{n}$ & $\looped{n}$ & $\doublestruck{n}$
& $\initialdoublestruck{n}$ \cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|W|
& \arabmath $W$ & $\initial{W}$ & $\tailed{W}$ & $\stretched{W}$ &
$\looped{W}$ & $\doublestruck{W}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{W}$
\cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|e| & \arabmath $e$ &
$\initial{e}$ & $\tailed{e}$ & $\stretched{e}$ & $\looped{e}$ &
$\doublestruck{e}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{e}$ \cr\hline
\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|f| & \arabmath $f$ & $\initial{f}$ &
$\tailed{f}$ & $\stretched{f}$ & $\looped{f}$ & $\doublestruck{f}$
& $\initialdoublestruck{f}$ \cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|s|
& \arabmath $s$ & $\initial{s}$ & $\tailed{s}$ & $\stretched{s}$ &
$\looped{s}$ & $\doublestruck{s}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{s}$
\cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|q| & \arabmath $q$ &
$\initial{q}$ & $\tailed{q}$ & $\stretched{q}$ & $\looped{q}$ &
$\doublestruck{q}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{q}$ \cr\hline

\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|r| & \arabmath $r$ & $ $ & $ $ & $ $ &
$\looped{r}$ & $\doublestruck{r}$ & $ $ \cr\hline
\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|c| & \arabmath $c$ & $\initial{c}$ &
$\tailed{c}$ & $\stretched{c}$ & $\looped{c}$ & $\doublestruck{c}$
& $\initialdoublestruck{c}$ \cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|t|
& \arabmath $t$ & $\initial{t}$ & $\tailed{t}$ & $\stretched{t}$ &
$\looped{t}$ & $\doublestruck{t}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{t}$
\cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|F| & \arabmath $F$ &
$\initial{F}$ & $\tailed{F}$ & $\stretched{F}$ & $\looped{F}$ &
$\doublestruck{F}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{F}$ \cr\hline
\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|x| & \arabmath $x$ & $\initial{x}$ &
$\tailed{x}$ & $\stretched{x}$ & $\looped{x}$ & $\doublestruck{x}$
& $\initialdoublestruck{x}$ \cr\hline

\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|p| & \arabmath $p$ & $ $ & $ $ & $ $ &
$\looped{p}$ & $\doublestruck{p}$ & $ $ \cr\hline
\vphantom{\Large(} \verb|P| & \arabmath $P$ & $\initial{P}$ &
$\tailed{P}$ & $\stretched{P}$ & $\looped{P}$ & $\doublestruck{P}$
& $\initialdoublestruck{P}$ \cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|v|
& \arabmath $v$ & $\initial{v}$ & $\tailed{v}$ & $\stretched{v}$ &
$\looped{v}$ & $\doublestruck{v}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{v}$
\cr\hline \vphantom{\Large(} \verb|g| & \arabmath $g$ &
$\initial{g}$ & $\tailed{g}$ & $\stretched{g}$ & $\looped{g}$ &
$\doublestruck{g}$ & $\initialdoublestruck{g}$\\ \hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Mathematical basic alphabetic symbols
\label{alphabeticdirecttrans}}}
\end{center}
\end{table}


\input tabsourceramz.tex


Diacritic marks and accents, in various shapes, can be combined to
one or several symbols. Diacritic marks can be placed beside the
symbol in the left. Some of these diacritic marks are
variable-sized:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$a{{'}} , b{{'}} , j{{'}} , \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$a{{'}} , b{{'}} , j{{'}} , \cdots$}

\vspace{5mm}

\noindent or

\vspace{5mm}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$a{{}^{\prime}} , b{{}^{\prime}} ,
 j{{}^{\prime}} , \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$a{{}^{\prime}} , b{{}^{\prime}} ,
j{{}^{\prime}} , \cdots$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$b{{'}} , b{{'}{'}} , b{{'}{'}{'}} , \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$b{{'}} , b{{'}{'}} , b{{'}{'}{'}} , \cdots$}

\vspace{5mm}

\noindent or

\vspace{5mm}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$b{{}^{\prime}} , b{{}^{\prime\prime}} ,
 b{{}^{\prime\prime\prime}} , \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$b{{}^{\prime}} , b{{}^{\prime\prime}} ,
b{{}^{\prime\prime\prime}} , \cdots$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\hat b} , {\check b} , {\tilde b} , {\acute b} , {\grave b} ,
 {\dot b} , {\ddot b} , {\breve b} ,
 {\bar b} , {\vec b},{\overleftarrow{b}},{\overrightarrow{b}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\hat b} , {\check b} , {\tilde b} , {\acute
b} , {\grave b} , {\dot b} , {\ddot b} , {\breve b} , {\bar b} ,
{\vec b},{\overleftarrow{b}},{\overrightarrow{b}}$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\underline{abj}} , {\overline{abj}} , {\widehat{abj}} ,
 {\widetilde{abj}} , {\overleftarrow{abj}} ,
 {\overrightarrow{abj}},{\overbrace{abj}},{\underbrace{abj}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\underline{abj}} , {\overline{abj}} ,
 {\widehat{abj}} , {\widetilde{abj}} , {\overleftarrow{abj}} ,
 {\overrightarrow{abj}},{\overbrace{abj}},{\underbrace{abj}}$}


Abbreviations of usual functions are offered according to their
common use in mathematical handbooks (Cf. Table~\ref{amfnnames}).

Generally, the abbreviations representing elementary functions are
used with dots. Sometimes, they are noted without dots.

\noindent\begin{minipage}{45mm}
\begin{verbatim}
 $\sin c + \tan s$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath $\sin c + \tan s$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{45mm}
\begin{verbatim}
\funwithdots\arabmath
 $\sin c + \tan s$
\funwithoutdots
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\funwithoutdots\arabmath $\sin c + \tan
s$\funwithdots}



\begin{table}[!ht]
\begin{center}\footnotesize
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|r|r|}
\hline \hfil Name \hfil & \hfil Command \hfil & \hfil Example
\hfil & \hfil Result with dots\hfil & \hfil Result without
dots\hfil\cr \hline\hline Sine & \verb|\sin| & \verb|$\sin c$| &
\arabmath$\sin c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\sin c$\funwithdots
\cr \hline Cosine & \verb|\cos| & \verb|$\cos c$| & \arabmath$\cos
c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\cos c$\funwithdots \cr \hline
Tangent & \verb|\tan| & \verb|$\tan c$| & \arabmath$\tan c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\tan c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Cotangent
& \verb|\cot| & \verb|$\cot c$| & \arabmath$\cot c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\cot c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Secant &
\verb|\sec| & \verb|$\sec c$| & \arabmath$\sec c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\sec c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Cosecant &
\verb|\csc| &  \verb|$\csc c$| & \arabmath$\csc c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\csc c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Arc cine &
\verb|\arcsin| & \verb|$\arcsin c$| & \arabmath$\arcsin c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arcsin c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Arc
cosine & \verb|\arccos| & \verb|$\arccos c$| & \arabmath$\arccos
c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arccos c$\funwithdots \cr \hline
Arc tangent & \verb|\arctan| & \verb|$\arctan c$| &
\arabmath$\arctan c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arctan
c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Arc cotangent & \verb|\arccot| &
\verb|$\arccot c$| & \arabmath$\arccot c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arccot c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Arc
secant & \verb|\arcsec| & \verb|$\arcsec c$| & \arabmath$\arcsec
c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arcsec c$\funwithdots \cr \hline
Arc cosecant & \verb|\arccsc| & \verb|$\arccsc c$| &
\arabmath$\arccsc c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arccsc
c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Hyperbolic sine & \verb|\sinh| &
\verb|$\sinh c$| & \arabmath$\sinh c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\sinh c$\funwithdots \cr \hline
Hyperbolic cosine & \verb|\cosh| & \verb|$\cosh c$| &
\arabmath$\cosh c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\cosh c$\funwithdots
\cr \hline Hyperbolic tangent & \verb|\tanh| & \verb|$\tanh c$| &
\arabmath$\tanh c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\tanh c$\funwithdots
\cr \hline Hyperbolic cotangent & \verb|\coth| & \verb|$\coth c$|
& \arabmath$\coth c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\coth
c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Hyperbolic secant & \verb|\sech| &
\verb|$\sech c$| & \arabmath$\sech c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\sech c$\funwithdots \cr \hline
Hyperbolic cosecant & \verb|\csch| & \verb|$\csch c$| &
\arabmath$\csch c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\csch c$\funwithdots
\cr \hline Arc hyperbolic sine & \verb|\arcsinh| &
 \verb|$\arcsinh c$| & \arabmath$\arcsinh c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arcsinh
c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Arc hyperbolic cosine & \verb|\arccosh|
&
 \verb|$\arccosh c$| & \arabmath$\arccosh c$ &
 \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arccosh c$\funwithdots
 \cr \hline Arc hyperbolic tangent &
\verb|\arctanh| & \verb|$\arctanh c$| & \arabmath$\arctanh c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arctanh c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Arc
hyperbolic cotangent & \verb|\arccoth| & \verb|$\arccoth c$| &
\arabmath$\arccoth c$ & \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arccoth
c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Arc hyperbolic secant & \verb|\arcsech|
&
 \verb|$\arcsech c$| & \arabmath$\arcsech c$& \funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arcsech c$\funwithdots
\cr \hline Arc hyperbolic cosecant & \verb|\arccsch| &
\verb|$\arccsch c$| & \arabmath$\arccsch c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\arccsch c$\funwithdots \cr \hline
Logarithm & \verb|\lg| & \verb|$\lg c$| & \arabmath$\lg c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\lg c$\funwithdots \cr \hline Exponent &
\verb|\exp| & \verb|$\exp c$| & \arabmath$\exp c$ &
\funwithoutdots\arabmath$\exp c$\funwithdots \cr \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Usual functions \label{amfnnames}}
\end{center}
\end{table}


Eastern or western Arabic numbers are chosen according to the
author specifications:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
\warabnum
$0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath \warabnum
$0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
\earabnum
$0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath \earabnum
$0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$ {\oldstylenum{0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

\hfill\fbox{\arabmath $ {\oldstylenum{0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,
7 , 8 , 9}}$}



Both Arabic and Roman dotting are available:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
\latinmath$ , . ; : ! ? - \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\latinmath$ , . ; : ! ? - \cdots$}

\vspace{5mm}

\noindent and

\vspace{5mm}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
\arabmath$ , . ; : ! ? - \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$ , . ; : ! ? - \cdots$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\lating$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$\lating$}

Variable-sized delimiters with automatic adjusting:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\langle , ( , | , [ , || , \{ , \cdots ,
 \} , || , ] , | , ) , \rangle$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$\langle , ( , | , [ , || , \{ , \cdots , \}
, || , ] , | , ) , \rangle$}


Some usual symbols such as:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$+ , - , * , \times , = , \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$+ , - , * , \times , = , \cdots$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\amtimes$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$\amtimes$}



\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$/ , \% ,
\wpermille , \wpertenthousand ,
\epercent , \epermille ,
\epertenthousand , \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$/ , \% , \wpermille , \wpertenthousand , \epercent , \epermille
, \epertenthousand , \cdots$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$< , > ; \in , \ni ;
 \seqm , \leqm , \leqv ; \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$< , > ; \in , \ni ; \seqm , \leqm , \leqv ;
\cdots$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\surd ; \angle ; \exists , \forall ; \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$\surd ; \angle ; \exists , \forall ;
\cdots$}

Negation:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\not=} , {\not<} , {\not\in} , \cdots$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\not=} , {\not<} , {\not\in} , \cdots$}



Mathematical Arabic symbols that stretch or shrink according to
the context:


\noindent- square:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\sqrt{{{ {b*9} \over {lc} }}}} -
 {\sqrt{c{{}\sp 2}}} + {\sqrt{5a}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\sqrt{{{ {b*9} \over {lc} }}}} -
 {\sqrt{c{{}\sp 2}}} + {\sqrt{5a}}$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\root{3b} \of {2+{\frac{b*9}{c}}}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$ {\root{3b} \of {2+{\frac{b*9}{c}}}}$}


\noindent- integral:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\lint\limits_{1}^{T}} c{{}^{b}} D c$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\lint\limits_{1}^{T}} c{{}^{b}} D c$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\sint\limits_{1}^{T}} c{{}^{b}} D c ;
 {\sint_{1}^{T}} c{{}^{b}} D c$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\sint\limits_{1}^{T}} c{{}^{b}} D c \quad ;
\quad {\sint_{1}^{T}} c{{}^{b}} D c$}

\noindent- sum:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\csum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\csum_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\csum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} \quad ; \quad
 {\csum_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
\funwithoutdots
${\csum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\csum_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$
\funwithdots
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\funwithoutdots\arabmath${\csum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b}
\quad ; \quad
 {\csum_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$\funwithdots}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\lsum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\lsum_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\lsum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} \quad ; \quad
 {\lsum_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
\funwithoutdots
${\lsum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\lsum_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$
\funwithdots
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\funwithoutdots\arabmath${\lsum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b}
\quad ; \quad
 {\lsum_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$\funwithdots}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\ssum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\ssum\limits_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\ssum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} \quad ; \quad
 {\ssum\limits_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\gsum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\gsum_{b=a-1}^s} c{{}^b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\gsum_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} \quad ; \quad
 {\gsum_{b=a-1}^s} c{{}^b}$}

\noindent- product:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\cprod_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\cprod_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\cprod_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} \quad ; \quad
 {\cprod_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\lprod_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\lprod_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\lprod_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} \quad ; \quad
 {\lprod_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\sprod_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\sprod\limits_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\sprod_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} \quad ; \quad
 {\sprod\limits_{b=a-1}^{s}} c{{}^b}$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\gprod_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} ;
 {\gprod_{b=a-1}^s} c{{}^b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\gprod_{b=1}^{s}} c{{}^b} \quad ; \quad
 {\gprod_{b=a-1}^s} c{{}^b}$}

\noindent- limit:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\clim_{c \to 0}} c{{}^2} ;
 {\clim_{c \to +\infty}} c{{}^2}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\clim_{c \to 0}} c{{}^2} \quad ; \quad
 {\clim_{c \to +\infty}} c{{}^2}$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\lim_{c \to 0}} c{{}^2} ;
 {\lim_{c \to +\infty}} c{{}^2}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\lim_{c \to 0}} c{{}^2} \quad ; \quad
 {\lim_{c \to +\infty}} c{{}^2}$}


Subscripts or superscripts can be placed at the left of any symbol
of the equation:

\noindent- superscript:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$b{{}\sp{{17}}}+5 ; b{{}\sp{2}}+5*s{{}^b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$b{{}\sp{{17}}}+5 \quad ; \quad
b{{}\sp{2}}+5*s{{}^b}$}

\noindent- subscript:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$b{{}\sb{{17}}}+5 ; b{{}\sb{2}}+5*s{{}_b}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$b{{}\sb{{17}}}+5 \quad ; \quad
b{{}\sb{2}}+5*s{{}_b}$}


The system manage automatically the change of size of the symbol
according to its position (normal, subscript or superscript,
etc.):

\noindent- superscript:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$b{\sp{b{\sp{b{\sp{b}}}}}}$
$\behh{\sp{\behh{\sp{\behh{\sp{\behh}}}}}}$
{\latinletter $b{\sp{b{\sp{b{\sp{b}}}}}}$}
$2{\sp{2{\sp{2{\sp{2}}}}}}$
{\earabnum $2{\sp{2{\sp{2{\sp{2}}}}}}$}
$\surd{\sp{\surd{\sp{\surd{\sp{\surd}}}}}}$
$+{\sp{+{\sp{+{\sp{+}}}}}}$ $<{\sp{<{\sp{<{\sp{<}}}}}}$
$({\sp{({\sp{({\sp{(}}}}}}$ $,{\sp{ ,{\sp{ ,{\sp{ ,}}}}}}$
$\cos{\sp{\cos{\sp{\cos{\sp{\cos}}}}}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$b{\sp{b{\sp{b{\sp{b}}}}}}$
$\behh{\sp{\behh{\sp{\behh{\sp{\behh}}}}}}$ {\latinletter
$b{\sp{b{\sp{b{\sp{b}}}}}}$} $2{\sp{2{\sp{2{\sp{2}}}}}}$
{\earabnum $2{\sp{2{\sp{2{\sp{2}}}}}}$}
$\surd{\sp{\surd{\sp{\surd{\sp{\surd}}}}}}$
$+{\sp{+{\sp{+{\sp{+}}}}}}$ $<{\sp{<{\sp{<{\sp{<}}}}}}$
$({\sp{({\sp{({\sp{(}}}}}}$ $,{\sp{ ,{\sp{ ,{\sp{ ,}}}}}}$
$\cos{\sp{\cos{\sp{\cos{\sp{\cos}}}}}}$}


\noindent- subscript:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$b{\sb{b{\sb{b{\sb{b}}}}}}$
$\behh{\sb{\behh{\sb{\behh{\sb{\behh}}}}}}$
{\latinletter $b{\sb{b{\sb{b{\sb{b}}}}}}$}
$2{\sb{2{\sb{2{\sb{2}}}}}}$
{\earabnum$2{\sb{2{\sb{2{\sb{2}}}}}}$}
$\surd{\sb{\surd{\sb{\surd{\sb{\surd}}}}}}$
$+{\sb{+{\sb{+{\sb{+}}}}}}$ $<{\sb{<{\sb{<{\sb{<}}}}}}$
$({\sb{({\sb{({\sb{(}}}}}}$ $,{\sb{ ,{\sb{ ,{\sb{ ,}}}}}}$
$\cos{\sb{\cos{\sb{\cos{\sb{\cos}}}}}}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$b{\sb{b{\sb{b{\sb{b}}}}}}$
$\behh{\sb{\behh{\sb{\behh{\sb{\behh}}}}}}$ {\latinletter
$b{\sb{b{\sb{b{\sb{b}}}}}}$} $2{\sb{2{\sb{2{\sb{2}}}}}}$
{\earabnum$2{\sb{2{\sb{2{\sb{2}}}}}}$}
$\surd{\sb{\surd{\sb{\surd{\sb{\surd}}}}}}$
$+{\sb{+{\sb{+{\sb{+}}}}}}$ $<{\sb{<{\sb{<{\sb{<}}}}}}$
$({\sb{({\sb{({\sb{(}}}}}}$ $,{\sb{ ,{\sb{ ,{\sb{ ,}}}}}}$
$\cos{\sb{\cos{\sb{\cos{\sb{\cos}}}}}}$ }


New usual functions can also be defined:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\newfunc{صغر}}(c) =
 \cos(c{{}\sp 2}) + \sin(c)-6$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\newfunc{صغر}}(c) = \cos(c{{}\sp 2}) +
\sin(c)-6$}


Functions defined by cases can be typeset from right to left:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$d(c) = {\cases{
 {-4c} & {{\hbox{ \araby{إذا كان}}} c<0}\cr
 { 4c} & {{\hbox{ \araby{إذا كان}}} c>0}\cr
 {-2} & {{\hbox{ \araby{غير ذلك}}} }\cr
 }}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$d(c) = {\cases{
 {-4c} & {{\hbox{ \araby{إذا كان}}} c<0}\cr
 { 4c} & {{\hbox{ \araby{إذا كان}}} c>0}\cr
 {-2} & {{\hbox{ \araby{غير ذلك}}} }\cr
 }}$}



Equations and systems of equations can be numbered or labelled at
the right or the left:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$7c + 5 = 0 (1)$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$7c + 5 = 0 \quad (1)$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$(2) 7c + 5 = 0$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$(2) \quad 7c + 5 = 0$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$$2c{{}\sp 2} - 3c + 5 = 0 \leqno (3a)$$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

{\arabmath$$2c{{}\sp 2} - 3c + 5 = 0 \leqno (3a)$$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$$2mc{{}^2} - 3c + 5 = 0 \eqno (3b)$$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

{\arabmath$$2mc{{}^2} - 3c + 5 = 0 \eqno (3b)$$}

Systems of equations:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$${\system{
 {5c - 4s + 6} & { = 8s} \cr
 {5c - 7s + 9} & { = 3} \cr
 {5c - 7s + 9T} & { = {12}c} \cr }} \eqno (1a)$$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

{\arabmath$${\system{
 {5c - 4s + 6} & { = 8s} \cr
 {5c - 7s + 9} & { = 3} \cr
 {5c - 7s + 9T} & { = {12}c} \cr }} \eqno (1a)$$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$${\left\{}
{\offinterlineskip \openup1\jot \tabskip=0pt plus1fil
\vcenter{\halign{\tabskip=0pt & \hfil$#${\ }& \hfil$#${\ }\cr
\amrl{&{3c}&+&{5s}&&& =&8}\cr \amrl{&&-&{6s}&-&{4m}& =&9}\cr
\amrl{-&{5c}&&&+&{6m}& =&2}\cr}}} {\right.}\leqno (1b)$$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

{\arabmath$${\left\{} {\offinterlineskip \openup1\jot \tabskip=0pt
plus1fil \vcenter{\halign{\tabskip=0pt & \hfil$#${\ }& \hfil$#${\
}\cr \amrl{&{3c}&+&{5s}&&& =&8}\cr \amrl{&&-&{6s}&-&{4m}& =&9}\cr
\amrl{-&{5c}&&&+&{6m}& =&2}\cr}}} {\right.}\leqno (1b)$$}


Matrices can be composed with Arabic symbols:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$ m = {\left(} {\matrix{
 {1}&{2s}&{3}&{+5}\cr
 {4a}&{5}&{6}&{-2}\cr
 {4a}&{5}&{6}&{-2}\cr}} {\right)}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$ m = {\left(} {\matrix{ {1}&{2s}&{3}&{+5}\cr
{4a}&{5}&{6}&{-2}\cr {4a}&{5}&{6}&{-2}\cr}} {\right)}$}

Composition of tables with the possibility of combining lines and
columns:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$${{{{\vbox{\tabskip=0pt \offinterlineskip
\def\tablerule{\noalign{\hrule}}
\halign{\strut#&\vrule#\tabskip=1.5em plus 2.5em&\hfil#&
\vrule#&\hfil#\hfil&\vrule#&\hfil#&\vrule#\tabskip=0pt\cr\tablerule
\amrl{&{\multispan5\hfil{\hbox{\araby{المبيان}}}\hfil}&&}\cr\tablerule
\amrl{&&&&{\omit\hidewidth{\hbox{\araby{الاحداثيات}}}\hidewidth}&&&}\cr
\amrl{&{\raisebox{2ex}[0cm]{\hbox{\araby{النقط}}}}&&{\omit\hidewidth
{\hbox{\araby{السينية}}}\hidewidth}&&{\omit\hidewidth
{\hbox{\araby{الصادية}}}\hidewidth}&&}\cr\tablerule
\amrl{&$a$&&$5$&&$7$&&}\cr\tablerule
\amrl{&$b$&&$8$&&$9$&&}\cr\tablerule \noalign{\smallskip} }}}}}}$$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

{\arabmath$${{{{\vbox{\tabskip=0pt \offinterlineskip
\def\tablerule{\noalign{\hrule}}
\halign{\strut#&\vrule#\tabskip=1.5em plus 2.5em&\hfil#&
\vrule#&\hfil#\hfil&\vrule#&\hfil#&\vrule#\tabskip=0pt\cr\tablerule
\amrl{&{\multispan5\hfil{\hbox{\araby{المبيان}}}\hfil}&&}\cr\tablerule
\amrl{&&&&{\omit\hidewidth{\hbox{\araby{الاحداثيات}}}\hidewidth}&&&}\cr
\amrl{&{\raisebox{2ex}[0cm]{\hbox{\araby{النقط}}}}&&{\omit\hidewidth
{\hbox{\araby{السينية}}}\hidewidth}&&{\omit\hidewidth
{\hbox{\araby{الصادية}}}\hidewidth}&&}\cr\tablerule
\amrl{&$a$&&$5$&&$7$&&}\cr\tablerule
\amrl{&$b$&&$8$&&$9$&&}\cr\tablerule \noalign{\smallskip} }}}}}}$$
}


It allows also the use of calendars with "eastern" or "western" or
"Libyan" Arabic names for the months:

\noindent\begin{minipage}{50mm}
\begin{verbatim}
${\warabnum\numtoday}
 {\earabnum\numtoday}
 {\warabnum\wtoday}
 {\warabnum\ltoday}
 {\earabnum\etoday}$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}

\hfill\fbox{\arabmath${\warabnum\numtoday} \quad
 {\earabnum\numtoday} \quad
 {\warabnum\wtoday} \quad
 {\warabnum\ltoday} \quad
 {\earabnum\etoday}$}


\noindent\begin{minipage}{10mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\lem$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$\lem$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{10mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\lwm$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$\lwm$}

\noindent\begin{minipage}{10mm}
\begin{verbatim}
$\llm$
\end{verbatim}
\end{minipage}
\hfill\fbox{\arabmath$\llm$}

\textbf{Notation}: Definite command names in this system are
prefixed by \verb|am| (the initial of \texttt{arabic
mathematical}). Therefore, they will be distinct of commands of
basis of \TeX{} or those of the other extensions. Names of
commands drift the corresponding commands of \TeX{}.

\textbf{Notes}:
\begin{itemize}
\item One should not put mathematical expressions in display mode
for the interior of an Arabic environment. \item Any expression
which requires arguments must be between accolades (eg.
\verb|{\fonct{arg_1}...{arg_n}}|). \item If an expression is made
up of only one element with at least an argument, it should be
preceded by a space (eg. \verb*|$ {element}$|).
\end{itemize}


\section{Documentation}

In \cite{iraqaren}, we have present the importance of studying
mathematical in Arabic. In \cite{egyptaren}, we have present the
mathematical Arabic language. In \cite{dante}, we have present
syntactic commands used in this system. In \cite{gut}, we have
present the mathematical Arabic font problematical. In
\cite{these}, we have give a large presentation for this system
and a manual of utilization. In \cite{jordan}, we have discuses
the learning and pedagogic problem. In \cite{trans}, we have
present a study for transliteration and the new transliteration
\TransTec{}. In \cite{curext}, we have present the application
\CurExt{}. In \cite{article}, we'll give a short presentation for
this system.


\section{Copyright}

\RyDArab{} is copyrighted. The system and its source program's are
in the public domain. That will encourage its use in one hand, and
in the other hand, it allow its extension and improvement. The
system is copyright only in order to forbid unauthorized copies.

However, you may use it freely for any scientific, experimental
and strictly personal, non-commercial purposes if you give proper
credit to the author. All other uses require a separate written
license from the author.

This program may be distributed and/or modified under the
conditions of the \LaTeX{} Project Public License, either version
1.2 of this license or any later version.

The latest version of this license is in: \\
\centerline{\texttt{http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt}}
and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of \LaTeX{}
version 1999/12/01 or later.

This program consists of all files listed in this file
\texttt{readmera.tex}.

The \RyDArab{} project is far from finished. It supposed to change
without prior notice.

Do not, however, mistake \RyDArab{} itself for a \TeX{} system!
This document is only a brief introduction to the new
possibilities and is intended for package writers who are familiar
with \TeX{} fonts and \TeX{} or \LaTeX{} packages and Arab\TeX{}.
It is neither a user-guide nor a reference manual for \TeX{} or
\LaTeX{}.


\section{Acknowledgements}

First and foremost I want to thank Khalid Sami who had the first
idea for the package development and for redaction. I also want to
thank Mostafa Banouni, Klaus Lagally and Bernd Raichle for there
assistance and contribution. Thanks to Abdelaziz NasroAllah and
Mohammed Laghchim-Lahlou who maintained it during the beginning of
its developments. Thanks for Mustapha Eddahibi and Mohamed
Elyaakoubi for their aid. Finally, thank you very much for all
users who have transmit me their remarks, suggestions, and
mistakes.

The possibilities are almost unlimited, take your time and explore
them! If you encounter any problem or inquiries please contact me.
Please send error reports and suggestions for improvement to the
author.


\section{Author}

Copyright \copyright{} 2008-2001 Azzeddine LAZREK. All rights
reserved.

Address: Azzeddine L\textsc{azrek} \\
University Cadi Ayyad,
Faculty of Sciences, \\
Department of Computer Science, PO Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco \\
Phone: +212 24 43 46 49 \\
Fax: +212 24 43 74 07 \\
\texttt{lazrek@ucam.ac.ma}\\
\texttt{http://www.ucam.ac.ma/fssm/rydarab}

CV author: Ph.D. in Computer Science 1988, Work on Processing
multilingual scientific documents, Professor of Computer Science
since 1989 in University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco.


\bibliographystyle{amsplain}
\bibliography{../../source/doc123/bibg,../../source/doc234/bibp,../../source/doc234/bibw}


\end{document}


Let \texttt{ARABMATH} an environment variable content the path of
the decompressed package directory. Let \texttt{TEXMF} an
environment variable content the path of the \TeX{} system base.

\begin{enumerate}
\item Add package to the directory tree:\\
Execute the following commands:
\begin{verbatim}
cp $ARABMATH/tex/*.* $TEXMF/tex/ cp $ARABMATH/tex/tex/*.*
$TEXMF/tex/tex/ cp $ARABMATH/tex/latex/*.* $TEXMF/tex/latex/ cp
$ARABMATH/fonts/tfm/*.* $TEXMF/fonts/tfm/
\end{verbatim}
\item Link to the directory tree:\\
Add the following line in the file \verb|$TEXMF/web2c/texmf.cnf|
:\\
\verb|TEXMF = {$TEXMF:!!$ARABMATH}|
\end{enumerat
